the English who reached Virginia in 1607 discovered that Native Americans built yi-hakans (houses) from saplings and reeds, and towns were often surrounded with wooden palisades
Source: National Park Service, Jamestown - Sidney King Paintings, Trading With the Indians
The Algonquian-speaking Native Americans first encountered by English colonists used local saplings to form the frame of their houses, which were called yi-hakans. The exterior roofs and walls were made from mats of reeds or from bark peeled from nearby trees, rather than from clay.
English colonists at Jamestown were already aware of Native American housing patterns, which Roanoke Island colonists had seen two decades earlier
Source: US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library, The Village of Pomeiooc (by John White, 1593)
this yi-hakin at Henricus Historical Park, made from reeds and bark, had lasted four years by 2017
Vines and plant fibers, woven into twine, were used to bind together the mats of reeds. The sapling poles were also tied together, so the structures withstood the winds of summer thunderstorms and the snow loads in the winter. The lower ring of mats or bark could be lifted up or removed in the summer to cool the interior.
Reeds were plentiful on the Coastal Plan near swamps, and trees were everywhere. Making the reed mats and attaching them to the house required manufacturing up to a mile of rope, per house, from local plant fibers.
organic stains in the soil ("postmolds") allow archeologists to identify where small poles formed the framework for Native American houses
Source: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Late Woodland
In Powhatan's territory, English colonists recorded that the women gathered materials and constructed the houses. The labor involved in house construction was substantial. When the women could not find saplings of the desired length and width, they could get stronger men to use stone axes to cut wood.
Native Americans used stone axes to cut trees and make palisades, until getting access to metal axes made by Europeans
Source: Smithsonian Institution, Axe head
Men may also have been recruited to cut the bark from trees such as tulip poplar, thn haul the heavy slabs back to town. Bark was easiest to cut and peel from trees in the springtime as sap was rising. House repairs and construction were easier when bark was flexible; in the winter, bark was too brittle.
The organic building materials used for roofing and siding lasted only a few years before rotting, but that was sufficient. After soils were exhausted by farming, it made sense to move the house several hundred yards anyway.1
the interior framework was exposed in yi-hakins during the summer, but covered by mats, skins, and furs during the winter for extra warmth
Reconstructions of such housing for exhibits for interpretive exhibits at such places as Jamestown require new thatching of the roofs and walls after one-two years. The material rots quicker than in original yi-hakins, in part because the structures are unoccupied at night and in winter when exhibits are not staffed. The branches and saplings used for framing can survive many years, but fungi and bacteria grow quickly in moist reeds.
Henricus Historical Park constructed four yi-hakins, and three were covered with store-bought mats in 2017
Before the English arrived in 1607, Native Americans kept a small fire burning every day in their houses. The heat and smoke deterred decay of the building materials, and the need to replace reeds was lower. A structure might last with minimal repair until the nearby soil was exhausted after 3-7 years, and it was time to move and plant new fields. The framing would be moved, but new reeds would be installed at the new location.
Native American houses in Virginia had a hole in the roof for smoke to escape, with a sheet of bark to keep out rain
Thatch is still a common building material in some areas. In Guatamala's Peten region, local residents build two structures. The metal-roofed house is used at night, but a thatched roof structure is used for cooking and activities during the day. Residents prefer to sleep in the metal-roofed structure that does not smell of smoke from cooking fires, while that smoke helps to extend the life of the thatch roof in the separate structure.
home of a farmer neat Topoxte in Guatamala, showing thatched-roof structure used for cooking next to metal-roofed house
If a hurricane blew down a structure, the material needed to rebuild it quickly was readily available in the local area. Native Americans could rebuild their houses easily. When soil fertility declined after years of growing corn, whole towns could be moved a short distance to be closer to new fields.
Mats of reeds and bark coverings could be taken off the sapling framework of a house, the saplings could be take apart, and the structure moved in pieces to the new location. Vines twisted around the pieces as they were reassembled provided greater stability, allowing houses to withstand the wind and rain of summer thunderstorms.
Palisades around towns could be rebuilt, providing some security from surprise attack by enemies and excluding wild animals attracted by the food within the town. Like houses, palisades were were made of locally-available materials. Small trees and branches were cut to create a frame for a palisade wall. Vines and more branches were woven into the wooden framework, creating a barrier that would deter animals and delay an enemy. To strengthen the wall and prevent an enemy from setting it on fire, mud could be smeared between the branches.
Colonists used a similar process to create "wattle and daub" structures at Jamestown. Starting in 1607, the first English colonists built their structures inside the fort at Jamestown with wooden frames, then applied local clay to the exterior to create "mud and stud" structures. Where the English bult roofs with an overhang to block rain, the walls could survive for years.
Without a stone or brick foundation, however, the wooden frames in Jamestown rotted soon in the moist soil. Iron axes and other carpentry tools allowed the English to cut trees and saw large timbers for the framework and for a palisade, and to use iron nails rather than vibes to attach pieces.
the wooden frame of a palisade could be covered with mud to create a more-effective and fireproof wall
West of the Fall Line, the Siouan-speaking Native Americans built houses similar to those of the Algonquian-speaking nations. South of the James River, howevr, the Iroquian-speaking groups in the watersheds of the Blackwater, Notoway, and Meherrin rivers had a different approach. They built rectangular "long houses" with bark coverings, similar to those constructed by Iroquian-speaking members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy in New York.
Iroquioan-speaking groups in the watersheds of the Blackwater, Nottoway, and Meherrin rivers build longhouses rather than yi-hakins
Source: Florida Center for Instructional Technology, Bark house of Iroquois
There were no teepees in Virginia made from animal skins, in contrast to the housing constructed by Native Americans on the Great Plains where trees were scarce. In Virginia, with 40-50 inches of rainfall each year, bark and reeds were readily available. Animal skins were used for clothing and bedding, not as a building material.
teepees with buffalo hides (later canvas) were used on the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River - no Native Americans in Virginia built teepees
Source: Library of Congress, Skin tepees, Shoshone Indians
Native Americans used branches, bark, and reeds to create yi-hakins, longhouses, and othr structures
Source: Henry Chandlee Forman, Virginia Architecture in he Seventeenth Century
residents at Werowocomoco made frameworks from local branches and covered then with reeds from the Purtan Bay swamps
Source: National Park Service, Werowocomoco Planning